Point Topography and Within-Session Learning Are Important Predictors of Pet Dogs’ (Canis lupus familiaris) Performance on Human Guided Tasks

نویسندگان

  • Monique Udell
  • Nathaniel J. b Morrison James Hall
  • Nicole R. b Wynne Clive Dorey
چکیده

Resumen Pet domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are generally considered successful on object choice tasks, reliably following human points to a target. However, defining the specific topography of the point types utilized and assessing the potential for dogs to generalize their responses across similar point types has received little attention. In Experiment 1, we assessed pet dogs’ performance on an object choice task utilizing nine different point types that varied across the dimensions of movement, duration, and distance. These dimensions reliably predicted the performance of pet dogs on this task. In Experiment 2, pet dogs presented with nine different point types in the order of increasing difficulty performed better on more difficult point types than both naive dogs and dogs experiencing the nine points in the order of decreasing difficulty. In Experiment 3, we manipulated the attentional state of the experimenter (as in perspective taking studies) and found that human orientation was not a strong predictor of performance on pointing tasks. The results of this study indicate that dogs do not reliably follow all point types without additional training or experience. Furthermore, dogs appear to continuously learn about the dimensions of human points, adjusting their behavior accordingly, even over the course of experimental testing. These findings bring claims of pet dogs’ spontaneous success on pointing tasks into question. The ability to learn about, and respond flexibly to, human gestures may benefit pet dogs living in human homes more than a spontaneous responsiveness to specific gesture types. Los perros domésticos son generalmente considerados exitosos en la tarea de elección de objeto, siguiendo fiablemente señales humanas hacia el lugar correcto. Sin embargo, tanto el definir la topografía precisa de las señales así como el evaluar la capacidad de los perros para generalizar sus respuestas a través de claves similares, ha recibido poca atención. En el Experimento 1, evaluamos el rendimiento de los perros en la tarea de elección de objeto, utilizando nueve diferentes tipos de señalamientos que variaron a través de tres dimensiones: movimiento, duración, y distancia. Estas dimensiones fueron predictores confiables del desempeño de los perros en esta tarea. En el Experimento 2, los perros a los cuales se les presentaron las nueve formas de señalamiento en un orden de dificultad creciente, tuvieron un mejor rendimiento en las claves complejas que los perros que no fueron expuestos a ninguna clave, o aquellos a los que se les presentaron las mismas señales en orden dificultad decreciente. En el Experimento 3, variamos el estado de atención del investigador (como en los estudios de toma de perspectiva) y encontramos que la orientación del cuerpo de la persona no fue un buen predictor del desempeño de los perros en respuesta al señalamiento. Los resultados de esta investigación indican que los perros no siguen todos los tipos de señalamientos sin tener entrenamiento adicional o experiencia. Más aun, los perros parecen aprender continuamente acerca de estas dimensiones de movimiento, duración, y distancia, ajustando su comportamiento de acuerdo a ello, aun durante la prueba experimental. Estos hallazgos cuestionan las afirmaciones de que los perros sean espontáneamente exitosos en las pruebas de señalamiento. La habilidad de aprender acerca de los gestos humanos y responder flexiblemente a ellos, puede beneficiar a los perros que viven en hogares humanos aún más que la capacidad espontánea de responder a un tipo de gesto específico.

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تاریخ انتشار 2013